Spina Bifida Family Support
"Families Helping Families"
Obesity
By Allison W. Schultz, RN, PNP-C
Stephen Kinsman, MD
Gregory S. Liptak, MD
Obesity is the most common nutritional problem in North America. Obesity may be
a cosmetic concern for affected individuals. However, obesity is a major health
threat. In adults, obesity has been linked to high blood pressure, diabetes,
osteoarthritis, abnormal cholesterol metabolism, heart disease, sleep apnea, and
psychological problems. There are similar health consequences for children and
adolescents who are obese. Psychological problems are of special concern for
developing children, who may be negatively stigmatized by others if they are
obese and thus develop poor self-esteem, greater risk for isolation from peers,
and depression.
Obesity in children can be determined by using calipers to measure skin-folds
and plotting the results against standardized charts. The extent of obesity is
determined by plotting the child's height and weight on the National Center for
Health Statistics/Centers for Disease Control (NCHS/CDC) growth chart. Children
whose weight for height exceeds the 95th percentile are overweight, and those
who fall between the 85th and 95th percentiles are of concern. In some
individuals, arm-span may be substituted for height.
How Obesity Develops
All energy intake (measured in Kilocalories [Calories]) comes from food that is
eaten and then used by the body to meet its needs. Obesity results when a
person's intake of calories exceeds his or her needs for bodily functions
(metabolism, physical activity, the thermal effect of food and growth).
Similarly, weight loss results when the body uses more calories than are taken
in through eating. On average, most (about 60 percent) of our energy is used
for basic metabolism (which is controlled in part by inheritance); physical
activity uses about 25 percent, the thermal effect of food about 10 percent, and
growth about 5 percent. Our bodies do a good job of balancing short-term
excesses in both energy intake and use. Continued excessive intake, however,
will lead to storage of energy in the form of fat (weight gain), and continued
insufficient intake will force the body to use stored energy (fat) for the
calories it needs to function (weight loss).
Special Concerns for Individuals Who Have Spina
Bifida
Obesity is an even greater health problem for people who have spina bifida.
Obesity further limits mobility, leading to a spiraling problem of decreased
energy use and weight gain, making it harder for the individual to keep up with
peers in social and work situations. It adds to the amount of pressure on skin,
thus adding to the already high risk of skin breakdown, particularly in areas
that are insensate or become wet. Social rejection, which may already be a
problem due to others' lack of sensitivity and understanding of disability, may
be worsened. And activities of daily living, particularly independence in
dressing, continence management and hygiene, may be negatively affected by
difficulties in moving a large, heavy body and reaching private areas of the
body.
Very young children who have spina bifida usually grow at about the same rate as
their non-disabled peers and are quite physically active, so they usually do not
become obese. As they grow older, however, children who have spina bifida,
especially those who also have hydrocephalus, are at very high risk for
developing obesity. Beyond age six at least 50 percent of children who have
spina bifida are overweight, and in adolescence and adulthood over 50 percent
are obese.
There are many reasons for this. Neurological impairments that lead to even
slight mobility problems make it harder for individuals who have spina bifida to
be physically active. Due to the requirements of school and work for sedentary
activity, and due to the increasing difficulty of moving a larger body that has
a mobility impairment, school age children who have spina bifida typically
become less active as they grow older. Small children grow rapidly and so they
require a large number of calories for growth. Older children and adults have
slower growth, however, and on average those who have spina bifida will not
become as tall as their non-disabled peers. So, those with spina bifida have
fewer requirements for growth, as well. Also, studies have shown that people
with spina bifida have less lean body mass than their peers, and even when other
factors like physical activity are equal, have a lower basic metabolic rate (fat
cells have slower metabolic rates than other cells like muscle cells).
Preventing Obesity--a Family Affair
Prevention of obesity is the only sure method of promoting optimum nutritional
health. Preventing obesity for individuals who have spina bifida is a family
affair that must begin early in a child's life and continue indefinitely.
Fortunately, if healthy eating and exercise habits are begun early, they can
become part of a very enjoyable lifestyle, rather than one that is perceived as
a life of deprivation.
Most eating behaviors and food likes and dislikes are learned in the context of
home and family. Thus, by modeling and teaching healthful eating habits, family
members have a chance to improve the child's health. This may be difficult,
especially for families where eating patterns and genetic factors have led to
obesity being commonplace. When a child has spina bifida and family members are
somewhat frustrated by their inability to correct their child's underlying
congenital condition, making this contribution to health and well-being can be
very rewarding.
Strategies for
Success
The most helpful strategy for preventing obesity is to help the child view food
as a necessity for growth and activity rather than as a reward for managing the
difficulties of daily living. The goal is to condition the child to perceive
food not as an emotional, but rather a physical, necessity.
Children can learn about good nutrition as they help plan family meals and shop
for ingredients. Remember, children cannot consume food that is not
available!! Caregivers need to purchase nutritionally sound, healthy foods
using the "Food Pyramid" as a guide. Most food servings should come from
fruits, vegetables, bread and cereals, fewer from dairy products and meats, and
only a small amount from foods high in fats, processed sugars and other
carbohydrates.
Food should be eaten at regular times during meals that are pleasant and which
take enough time for individuals to eat slowly and realize when their hunger has
been satisfied. Treats and snacks should be limited to times when a little
extra energy is really needed and should be both nutritionally sound and
enjoyable. Food and visual reminders of food should be removed from the
environment and other cues for increasing enjoyment of life, such as posters
about exercise or hobbies, should be substituted. Entertainment should rarely
center on food or meals. Children should receive only non-food rewards for
positive behaviors. Children need to learn to distinguish between boredom and
hunger, and also to enjoy foods other than those with high fat or high sugar
content. Studies reveal that if such foods are strictly limited from our diets,
we lose our taste for them and crave them less and less.
The second important strategy is to help children who have spina bifida enjoy
exercise. Physical activity has two benefits; it burns calories and can
decrease hunger by resetting the body's "thermostat." Most physical activities
that other children enjoy can be adapted for children who have mobility
impairments. Horseback riding, tennis, swimming, and wheelchair sports like
basketball and track are life-long activities that most children love and
families can enjoy together. Community organizations such as the YMCA should be
encouraged to create such opportunities for individuals who have physical
disabilities. Small children can be even more active as they learn to complete
some helpful tasks around the house. Such activities not only burn calories,
but also help children feel good about themselves as capable people who can help
others. Watching television is an activity that demands few calories, and
should be limited.
Weight Reduction
Once people become obese, losing weight is hard to do. Most can only lose about
10 percent to 15 percent of their body weight, and even these individuals
usually regain this weight after their strict program of diet, exercise and
behavior modifications is withdrawn.
Once people with spina bifida have become obese, it is even harder for them to
lose weight than it is for others. It is not impossible, however! If an
individual is motivated to lose weight and limits caloric intake while also
increasing exercise, weight can be reduced. The assistance of a nutrition
consultant may help in such cases, since a very low calorie diet—1,000 calories
per day or even less--may be needed. It can be difficult to create an
interesting, enjoyable and nutritionally sound diet using so few calories.
Weight reduction strategies should be started one by one, so the individual and
family can become used to new patterns of living. Trying to do too much at once
is often overwhelming and self-defeating. Most importantly, the individual
should recognize that any weight reduction contributes to good health, and that
losing weight should be done in small measures and will take a long time. Small
weight losses should be celebrated, (but not with food!) because they really are
important!
In summary, individuals who have spina bifida are very likely to become obese
unless they, with the help of their families and friends, prevent gaining too
much weight during their childhood and adolescence. Obesity has many negative
consequences, so it needs to be prevented or managed to achieve optimum health
and quality of life. The benefits of healthy eating and sufficient exercise for
individuals who have spina bifida are numerous and important, and last
throughout life. Perhaps no other single intervention will make such a positive
contribution to long-term good health and quality of life.
This information does not constitute medical advice for any individual. As specific cases may vary from the general information presented here, Spina Bifida Family Support advises readers to consult a qualified medical or other professional on an individual basis.